classical conditioning

Examples of classical conditioning in the following topics:

• Conditioned Behavior

  • In classical conditioning, a behavior is paired with an unrelated stimulus; in operant conditioning, behaviors are modified by consequences.
  • Two types of conditioning techniques include classical and operant conditioning.
  • In classical conditioning, a response called the conditioned response is associated with a stimulus that it had previously not been associated with, the conditioned stimulus.
  • The most cited example of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs .
  • In the classic Pavlovian response, the dog becomes conditioned to associate the ringing of the bell with food.

• Cognitive Learning and Sociobiology

  • Classical and operant conditioning are inefficient ways for humans and other intelligent animals to learn.
  • In the reverse scenario, conditioning cannot help someone learn about cognition.
  • Classic work on cognitive learning was done by Wolfgang Köhler with chimpanzees.
  • This type of learning is much more powerful and versatile than conditioning.
  • It may not be immediately obvious that this type of learning is different from conditioning.

• Logistic Population Growth

  • Yeast, a microscopic fungus used to make bread and alcoholic beverages, exhibits the classical S-shaped curve when grown in a test tube ( a).
  • (a) Yeast grown in ideal conditions in a test tube show a classical S-shaped logistic growth curve, whereas (b) a natural population of seals shows real-world fluctuation.

• Web, Network, and Ring of Life Models

  • The recognition of the importance of Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), especially in the evolution of prokaryotes, has caused some to propose abandoning the classic "tree of life" model.
  • Using the conditioned reconstruction algorithm, it proposes a ring-like model in which species of all three domains (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya) evolved from a single pool of gene-swapping prokaryotes.

• Altruism and Populations

  • Emperor penguins migrate miles in harsh conditions to bring food back for their young .
  • According to evolutionary game theory, a modification of classical game theory in mathematics, many of these so-called "altruistic behaviors" are not altruistic at all.
  • Emperor penguins migrate miles in harsh conditions to bring back food for their young.

• Animal Viruses

  • Some of them follow the classic pattern of acute disease, where symptoms worsen for a short period followed by the elimination of the virus from the body by the immune system with eventual recovery from the infection.
  • Under certain conditions, including various types of physical and psychological stress, the latent herpes simplex virus may be reactivated and undergo a lytic replication cycle in the skin, causing the lesions associated with the disease.
  • After having a chickenpox infection in childhood, the varicella-zoster virus can remain latent for many years and reactivate in adults to cause the painful condition known as "shingles" .

• Limitations to the Classic Model of Phylogenetic Trees

  • The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing causing limitations to the classic model to arise.
  • Classical thinking about prokaryotic evolution, included in the classic tree model, is that species evolve clonally.

• Climate and Weather

  • Climate refers to long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions, while weather refers to atmospheric conditions during a short period of time.
  • Climate refers to the long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area .
  • In contrast, weather refers to the conditions of the atmosphere during a short period of time.
  • Climate refers to long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area.
  • This map illustrates the various climate conditions around the world.

• Genetic Engineering

  • Although classical methods of studying the function of genes began with a given phenotype and determined the genetic basis of that phenotype, modern techniques allow researchers to start at the DNA sequence level and ask: "What does this gene or DNA element do?
  • " This technique, called reverse genetics, has resulted in reversing the classic genetic methodology.
  • The classical genetic method would compare insects that cannot fly with insects that can fly, and observe that the non-flying insects have lost wings.

• Regulation of the Cell Cycle at Internal Checkpoints

  • The cell cycle is controlled by three internal checkpoints that evaluate the condition of the genetic information.
  • A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable (e.g. the DNA is repaired).
  • The G1 checkpoint determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed.
  • The cell can halt the cycle and attempt to remedy the problematic condition, or the cell can advance into G0 (inactive) phase and await further signals when conditions improve.
  • The G2 checkpoint bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met.