chloroplast

Examples of chloroplast in the following topics:

• Chloroplast

• Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis

  • In all autotrophic eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside an organelle called a chloroplast.
  • For plants, chloroplast-containing cells exist in the mesophyll.
  • Chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane.
  • Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which have an outer membrane and an inner membrane.
  • The palisade layer contains most of the chloroplast and principal region in which photosynthesis is carried out.

• Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

  • Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.
  • Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, but chloroplasts have an entirely different function.
  • Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis.
  • Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have outer and inner membranes, but within the space enclosed by a chloroplast's inner membrane is a set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids .
  • Like plant cells, photosynthetic protists also have chloroplasts.

• The Evolution of Plastids

  • There are three type of plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
  • Chloroplasts are plastids that conduct photosynthesis.
  • Each chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes, suggestive of primary endosymbiosis.
  • (a) This chloroplast cross-section illustrates its elaborate inner membrane organization.
  • (b) The chloroplasts can be seen as small green spheres.

• Endosymbiosis and the Evolution of Eukaryotes

  • Mereschkowski was familiar with work by botanist Andreas Schimper, who had observed in 1883 that the division of chloroplasts in green plants closely resembled that of free-living cyanobacteria.
  • More detailed electron microscopic comparisons between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts combined with the discovery that plastids (organelles associated with photosynthesis) and mitochondria contain their own DNA led to a resurrection of the idea in the 1960s.
  • These cyanobacteria have become chloroplasts in modern plant cells.

• Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

  • numerous membrane-bound organelles (including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria)
  • In addition, plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids, whereas animal cells do not.
  • Chloroplasts are the organelles that carry out photosynthesis.
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

• The Two Parts of Photosynthesis

  • The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes in the granum (stack of thylakoids), within the chloroplast.
  • In photosystem I, the electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain.

• Leaf Structure, Function, and Adaptation

  • Guard cells are the only epidermal cells to contain chloroplasts.
  • Both layers of the mesophyll contain many chloroplasts.
  • The numerous small bumps in the palisade parenchyma cells are chloroplasts.

• Plant Life Spans

  • One of the characteristics of senescence is the breakdown of chloroplasts, which is characterized by the yellowing of leaves .
  • The chloroplasts contain components of photosynthetic machinery, such as membranes and proteins.
  • Chloroplasts also contain DNA.

• Processes of the Light-Dependent Reactions

  • Two types of photosystems, photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), are found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast .
  • The electrons travel through the chloroplast electron transport chain to photosystem I (PSI), which reduces NADP+ to NADPH.
  • In (b) photosystem I, the electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain.