firing

Examples of firing in the following topics:

• Ceramics

  • A clay body can be decorated before or after firing.
  • The color of a glaze before it has been fired may be significantly different than afterwards.
  • To prevent glazed wares from sticking to kiln furniture during firing, a small part of the object being fired (for example, the foot) may be left unglazed; alternatively, special refractory 'spurs' can be used as supports, and removed and discarded after the firing.

• Steel-Frame Construction

  • The steel frames need to be protected from fire, as steel softens at high temperature and can cause the building to partially collapse.
  • Steel columns can be protected by encasing them in some form of fire resistant structure such as masonry, concrete or plasterboard, or spraying them with a coating to insulate them from the heat of the fire.

• Modeling

  • After the modeling process has taken place, these clays are baked at very high temperatures in a process known as 'firing' to create ceramics such as terra cotta, earthenware, stoneware and porcelain.
  • When kiln fired, the paper burns out, leaving only the clay body.
  • Sculptures made from oil-based clays cannot be fired and are therefore not considered ceramics.

• Vase Painting in the Orientalizing Period

  • Black figure pottery was carefully constructed and fired three different times to produce the unique red and black colors on each vase.
  • The full effect of this style of painting would not have been seen until after the vase emerged from its firings in the kiln.

• Ceramics in Mesopotamia

  • Ceramists produced vases, bowls, and small jars domestically on slow wheels, painting unique abstract designs on the fired clay.
  • Like other ceramic objects, tablets could be fired in a kiln to produce a permanent form if the text was believed significant enough to preserve.

• Sculpture of the Qin Dynasty

  • This would classify the process as assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it.

• Etruscan Ceramics

  • After it is fired, its surface becomes black and glossy.
  • It was created from a fine clay fired to produce a glossy black surface and burnished to shine.
  • As on some early Attic vases, this was achieved by covering the whole vase body in black shiny slip, then adding figures on top, using paints that would oxidize into red or white during firing.

• Offerings

  • In the Hindu Yagya tradition, offerings of ghee (clarified butter), grains, spices, and wood placed into a fire are made along with the chanting of sacred mantras .

• Ceramics in Neolithic China

  • In the beginning, clay was fired at a temperature of about 500-600 degrees Celsius.

• English Architecture in the Baroque Period

  • Jacobean architecture was prominent in the first quarter of the 17th century, and English Baroque architecture, a distinctly English take on the Italian Baroque style, became prevalent during the later part of the 17th century following the Great Fire of London.
  • When the Great Fire of London in 1666 forced much of the city to be rebuilt, Wren was hired to replace many of the churches.